Wiki

Published subset of an org-roam notes tree — the technical/reference notes only. Personal, financial, and journal-style notes stay local.

MechE

• Ahmed BodyNOTE: Consider building an ML model on this. Show something to mehdi.
• Aluminum ExtrusionsAluminum extrusions let you build equipment rigs easily. They cost slightly more but save money long-term. You can add modifications as requirements change.
• BearingsA ball bearing reduces friction for axial movement. Ball bearings cost little and are widely available, mostly from the skateboard industry. They usually come…
• CalculatorFraction Calculator Design engineers often need to find the closest 32nd fraction for a decimal fraction. This calculator shows where your decimal fraction…
• Control SystemsThis stub is superseded by the control-theory improvement plan.
• Drillstring MechanicsThe long, tubular body — typically 4½″ to 6⅝″ OD, Grade E75 to S135 (minimum yield 75–135 ksi), in ~9.5 m joints. Each joint has a tool joint (a…
• Dynamics and VibrationsVibrations occur when a structure stores more energy than it dissipates. It exchanges kinetic and strain energy each cycle. Small inputs produce large…
• Energy Dispersive SpectroscopySelect specimen elements from the Pre-defined Elements tab. The display then shows peak labels or X-ray maps for those elements only.
• Failure CriteriaAt the outer fibre, the bending stress is
• FastenersOmit the thread pitch and the standard assumes a coarse pitch. Metric bolts come in coarse, fine, and extra-fine pitches. Coarse threads have more threads per…
• Fatigue and FractureFatigue does not announce itself. A part with a healthy factor of safety against yield cracks after 10 million cycles. The static analysis looks good. The…
• Finite Element AnalysisFEA projects a hard problem onto an easy subspace. Always ask whether the projection discarded the feature you care about. Stresses at re-entrant corners often…
• FlexuresFlexure stages allow accurate linear motion with zero backlash and no moving parts. Professional stages are wire-EDM-machined from solid metal, but simple…
• Gas DynamicsThis section reviews thermodynamics concepts: definitions, laws, and useful property relationships.
• GearsThe power transmits through a line contact of infinitesimal width. See the Tribology note on Hertz contact. The load per unit face width is limited by what…
• Geometric Dimensioning and TolerancingA drawing with nominal dimensions and a generic plus or minus 0.1 mm tolerance is a lie of omission. It says nothing about which surfaces the tolerance is…
• GridfinityBin made to hold Ikea Stenkol/Ladda battery charger.
• Journal BearingsMarkström et al. [16], Sato et al. [17] and Wang et al. [6] have assessed the Co–W system.
• Lifting MechanismsLifting mechanisms (screw jacks, winches, linkages for vertical force) are a power-transmission application.
• LocomotionNot all robots are "mobile", but the ones used in robot competitions usually are. This means that they have to have some sort of drive mechanism which allows…
• LubricationLubricants cool tools and reduce wear during machining wrought iron and steel. They enable higher cutting speeds. Not all operations use them. Some machines…
• Material SelectionThe trick — and it is a trick worth stating plainly because the textbooks often bury it — is to eliminate the free variable using the constraint,…
• MetallographyThermal spray coatings are used in many everyday applications, from coffee makers to cars to jet engines. Proper preparation and examination of these coatings…
• MetallurgyMetallography has been described as both a science and an art. Traditionally, metallography has been the study of the microscopic structure of metals and…
• MicrofluidicsI taught a graduate microfluidics course this semester.
• Nanopositioninghttps://hackaday.
• O-ring DesignO-Rings are torus-shaped (i.e. doughnut-shaped) objects made from elastomeric compounds such as natural or synthetic rubber, and are used to seal mechanical…
• Optical MicroscopyIn many cases equipment is set up on vibration dampened tables. In microscopy, these optical tables, in the shape of a giant metal floating breadboard are…
• PolymersAcrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS): Thermoplastic. Allyl Resin (Allyl): Thermoset polycondensate. Cellulosic: Thermoplastic modified natural polymer…
• Polyvinylidene FluorideChemical Resistance: Highly resistant to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, bases, solvents, oils, and fuels. Radiation Resistance: Exhibits strong…
• Power TransmissionA robot must transmit motor power to wheels or mechanisms. Speed and torque often need altering. Belts, chains, sprockets, and gears accomplish this. This…
• Precision RulersPrecision measurement, dimensional tolerancing, and metrology are covered in GD&T.
• Pressure VesselsTo Convert FromToMultiply by AtmosphereBar1.
• PropellersPropeller content (thrust generation, momentum transfer, sizing) is covered in the Locomotion note under the Propellers section.
• PumpsStatic head includes elevation and pressure differences between supply and destination. It remains constant regardless of velocity. Calculate it with this…
• Residual StressThe European Conference on Residual Stresses (ECRS) addresses experimental methods, modelling, and industrial applications of residual stresses. Scientists,…
• Screws and ThreadsScrews convert rotation into linear motion. They act as jacks that generate substantial axial forces. An external driver turns the screw or nut, often through…
• Stainless SteelCarbon and nitrogen atoms stay small enough to enter the alpha and gamma iron lattices as interstitial solute atoms.
• Statics and Structural MechanicsWhen it fails (in roughly increasing order of embarrassment):
• Thermo-CalcThermoCalc is a CALPHAD-based commercial software tool for computing phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties, not a standalone topic.
• ThermocouplesThese three are the workhorses of contact thermometry. They differ in physics (thermoelectric vs resistive vs resistive-with-large-TC), and the tradeoff is not…
• TribologyThermal spraying is an established industrial method for the surfacing and resurfacing of engineered components. Metals, alloys, metal oxides, metal/ceramic…
• Units and ConversionsEnergy Conversions To Convert FromToMultiply by BTUCalorie251.
• Vacuum Technologywhere S is the pumping speed. Pumping speed depends on pressure, although it can be treated as a constant for simplicity.
• Vaseline SyringesIt is a good lubricant for zippers, can be used to make leather stuff (bike saddles, boots, motorcycle clothing, ...) smooth and waterproof, and it is a decent…
• X-Ray DiffractionX-ray Diffraction (XRD) is a non-destructive technique for analyzing the crystalline structure and composition of materials. It measures how X-rays diffract…

Electronics

• Battery Management System ControlTerminal voltage is the only directly observable quantity, and it is a poor proxy. It conflates SOC, internal polarization dynamics, temperature, and aging…
• Bus systemsNameMultidropMax nodesElectrical typeCable typeMax bitrate [kbit/s]Length at max bitrateMax length [m]Bitrate at max length EIA-485 (UART…
• Cable Managementhttps://www.
• Chips50V, Ultra-Low Noise FOC Motor Controller with I2C Control
• Controlshttps://dynamics-and-control.
• Corrosion Monitoring as FeedbackWhat follows is an attempt to lay out the sensor layer, the actuator layer, the loop that joins them, two worked industrial examples, and the honest accounting…
• Digital & Discrete-Time ControlThe steelman of "use only as many bits as you need" is that each extra bit halves the noise floor at the cost of doubled bandwidth and doubled processing — a…
• DiodesEverything below is the work of Roy J Tellason.
• Drone ControlQuadcopter stuff https://www.
• Frequency Response: Bode & NyquistThis sounds like a narrow construction - "what does the system do to a cosine?" - but it turns out to be one of the richest lenses in control theory. The…
• JellybeansUsage Summary: You should always leave adequate headroom on power dissipation, a good rule of thumb being twice the power required.
• Motors & ActuatorsBrushless motor Controller Last updated on March 22, 2022
• MultimeterThe multimeter is a important piece of equipment if you want to experiment with electronics or build electronic circuits. This module discusses what a…
• Nonlinear & Adaptive ControlThe catch is "neighborhood." A satellite's attitude dynamics are locally linearizable around any operating point, but the operating point moves across the full…
• Optimal Control: LQR, Riccati, and the Kalman FilterAᵀP + PA − PBR⁻¹BᵀP + Q = 0.
• PCB holderPCB Machining Vise https://www.
• Peltier chillerLine the “wells” in the plastic top with Vaseline.
• PIDControl engineering is concerned with controlling a dynamic system or plant. A dynamic system can be a mechanical system, an electrical system, a fluid system,…
• PID Control: Theory, Tuning & ImplementationThe PID control law, in continuous time, is:
• PLC ProgrammingMost or all new PLCs can be programmed in multiple languages, from the IEC-61131-3 specification. These languages are different, and the idiomatic way to do…
• Robust Control: Sensitivity, Kharitonov & H-infinityAll four pass, so the entire continuum of cubics with coefficients in those boxes is stable. The reduction is the point: a three-parameter,…
• Root Locus: Evans ConstructionCandidates are the real roots of this polynomial that lie on a locus segment. Not every root is a genuine breakaway - some lie on segments the locus never…
• SensorsAn ADC (or Analog to Digital Converter) is used to convert a sensor's analog signal into a digital output. Sometimes, the sensor you're dealing with converts…
• Soldering IronThe soldering iron UI consists of a screen and two buttons that control everything, not just adjusting temperature but also the myriad of settings in the…
• Stability: Routh-Hurwitz & Pole LocationsA few immediate necessary conditions (useful as cheap pre-checks):
• Stack Control: Electrolyzer & Fuel-Cell Load FollowingA proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) electrolyzer stack has, at the cell level, a voltage–current relationship given by a polarization curve:
• State-Space RepresentationBecause realizations are non-unique, one standardizes on a few canonical coordinates:
• Stripboard ProjectsReally great example of stripboard in research Built for hardware in the loop experiments, including analogue signal ranges of 0-5V, 0-10V, and +-10V, nd…
• The Plant: Actuators, Encoders & IMUsThe armature-controlled vs. field-controlled distinction matters for the model: in armature control the field is held constant and the armature voltage is the…
• Transfer Functions & Block DiagramsEvery block-diagram reduction is one of three moves, and the claim that one can "reduce" an arbitrary diagram is really the claim that these three moves…
• Understanding Fuses: A Maker's Guide to Electrical ProtectionFuses are essential electrical safety devices. Their primary job is to protect circuits, appliances, and you from overcurrent situations – when too much…
• Vendorshttps://mightyohm.
• Work benchComponents & Tools Alligator Clips attachment:_20240410_174019screenshot.

Software & Tools

• ArduinoThe Arduino Uno has 6 analog pins, which use ADC (Analog to Digital converter).
• Constraint ProgrammingUnder the hood, OptaPlanner combines sophisticated Artificial Intelligence optimization algorithms (such as Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, Late Acceptance…
• Control design toolkit in LabviewLabVIEW, which stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench, isn't just your run-of-the-mill programming environment—it's a visual…
• Create barplot in matplotlibFigures should have a width of 174 mm for double column areas or 84mm for single column areas, and not higher than 234 mm in height.
• cs_data_science.org
• Dockerimage vs container: https://stackoverflow.
• Emacs literate configurationEach subsection may be tagged with:
• GitBefore continuing let’s configure git. You will have to do this once per computer you use git config --global:
• GoUnfortunately, scientific work is library dependent and golang wasn't really meant to be used for that kind of work. Buuut, it's great at parallel and…
• Logo (programming language)
• Matlabhttps://raw.
• ParaViewhttps://github.
• Particle TrackingNeed to turn this into a paper Borrow some nano particle powder for the SEM
• Pre-trained modelshttps://towardsdatascience.
• Scanning electron microscopeEh, it's less impressive than I thought
• Self-hosted ApplicationsNot quite security-related, but ssh is pushy about host key verification and insists on adding keys to known hosts. That isn't always a desired behavior, so I…
• Vectorizationhttps://raw.

CFD

• Boundary conditions -- types, well-posedness, practical setupThe Navier-Stokes equations are mixed-type. The pressure equation is elliptic. The convective terms are hyperbolic. Mixed-type equations have consequences for…
• Cell Types in CFD -- hexahedra, tetrahedra, polyhedra, prismsCell topology irreducibly affects numerical accuracy, discretisation error scaling, and mesh distortion tolerance. Every major platform makes different default…
• CFD Training Roadmap -- Learning Sequence and Progression GuideThis note provides a structured learning pathway for CFD using OpenFOAM, progressing from fundamental theory to practical solver selection, targeting PhD-level…
• Compressible FlowCompressible flow occurs when density variations are dynamically significant, typically above Mach 0.3 and overwhelmingly above Mach 0.8. The energy equation…
• Compression Schemes -- Riemann solvers, upwinding, shock capturingThe incompressible Navier-Stokes equations assume constant density and use pressure-based SIMPLE or PISO coupling. Compressible flow changes the mathematics…
• Conservation Laws and the Reynolds Transport TheoremThis note covers the mathematical foundation of all computational fluid dynamics. These foundations are the conservation laws. Every CFD simulation uses a…
• Discrete Phase ModelingThe Discrete Phase Model (DPM) in ANSYS Fluent simulates a secondary phase consisting of discrete elements (such as spherical particles, aerosols, droplets, or…
• Finite Volume Method -- general transport equation, Gauss theorem, discretisation schemesAll incompressible and compressible solvers derive from the general transport equation, describing conservation of an arbitrary scalar quantity phi per unit…
• Governing Equations of Fluid MechanicsThe governing equations state a simple principle. Mass, momentum, and energy flow through a control volume. They do not appear or disappear. This note presents…
• Incompressible FlowFluid density is constant in incompressible flow because variation is negligibly small. The Navier-Stokes equations simplify structurally. The continuity…
• Mesh Quality in CFD -- metrics, thresholds, and the checkMesh workflowIn computational fluid dynamics, the mesh is the sole interface between mathematics and geometry. Every solver ingests a mesh. No solver can recover from a…
• Numerical Anisotropy in Unstructured MeshesNumerical anisotropy describes the phenomenon where the truncation error of a discretization scheme depends on direction relative to the mesh structure. In…
• Numerical Dispersion and Diffusion -- truncation error, artificial viscosityWhen you approximate the convective flux at a face using a finite-order scheme, you introduce a discretisation error. This error is the difference between the…
• Numerical DissipationNumerical dissipation acts like an additional diffusion term absent from the governing equations. Understanding and managing it is essential because:
• Numerical Schemes for CFDNumerical schemes convert continuous PDEs into algebraic equations on a discrete grid, determining accuracy, stability, and computational cost. The key…
• Pressure-velocity Coupling -- SIMPLE, PISO, PIMPLE, under-relaxationIncompressible flow has no standalone pressure equation. Pressure does not appear in the continuity equation because density is constant. Pressure is not an…
• Stability Analysis for CFDNumerical stability determines whether a discretized PDE solver will diverge or converge. Divergence produces NaNs or unbounded values. Convergence produces a…
• Turbulence Models -- RANS, LES, DES, y+ disciplineTurbulence is the dominant challenge in predictive CFD. The Navier-Stokes equations are deterministic. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) resolves all turbulent…
• TVD Limiters -- Sweby diagram, bounded high-order convectionCentral-differencing (linear interpolation) is second-order accurate for convective flux. It is unbounded. Near steep gradients or discontinuities, it produces…

CFD - DPM

• Dense Discrete Phase Model (DDPM) -- KTGF, Stochastic Collision, DEM, and Dense Particle Flows
• DPM Boundary Conditions in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Breakup and Coalescence -- TAB, Wave Breakup, Stochastic Collision, and Droplet Merging
• DPM Brownian Motion -- Langevin Equation, Diffusion Coefficient, UDF for PM2.5
• DPM Concentration Fields — Mass and Number Quantities in ANSYS Fluent
• DPM Coupling -- One-Way vs Two-Way, Source Terms, and Decision Logic
• DPM Drag Models -- All Drag Laws, Validity Ranges, and UDF Implementation
• DPM Erosion and Accretion Maps in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Heat and Mass Transfer -- Convective Heating, Evaporation, Boiling, and Radiation
• DPM Injection Types in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Numerics and Solver Settings in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Parallel Computing and Performance -- MPI Distribution, Load Balancing, and Speed Optimization
• DPM Particle Types in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Physical Models Panel in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Post-Processing Guide — ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Sample Files — Cutting Planes and Iso-Surfaces in ANSYS Fluent
• DPM Setup and Activation in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Statistics — Histograms, Residence Time, and Particle Size Validation
• DPM Theory -- Governing Equations, Parcels, and Particle Force Balance
• DPM Transient (Unsteady) Tracking -- Setup, Time Stepping, Puff Injection, and Pulsatile Flows
• DPM Troubleshooting -- Common Errors, Convergence Failures, and Diagnostic Procedures
• DPM TUI Reference -- Complete Text User Interface Command Index for Fluent 2024 R1
• DPM Turbulence Interaction -- Discrete Random Walk, Stochastic Tracking, and DRW Deep Dive
• DPM UDF Programming -- Macros, Hooks, Tracked_Particle, and Complete Examples
• DPM Validation Workflow -- Comparing Simulation to Experimental PM2.5 Data
• DPM Wet Combustion and Reactive Particles -- Devolatilization, Char Burning, and Multicomponent Evaporation
• Shisha PM2.5 DPM Case Study -- Setup, Configuration, and Validation

OpenFOAM

• cfMesh Workflow — Cartesian Background MeshingThis note documents the cfMesh meshing ecosystem from the 2017 cfMesh conference material. cfMesh provides a fully open-source, scriptable alternative to…
• OpenFOAM Boundary ConditionsOpenFOAM's boundary condition system is a strength. It offers over 100 built-in BC types. You extend it through user-defined BCs. Each BC type inherits from…
• OpenFOAM Case Setup — Dictionaries, BCs, and Turbulence ConfigurationThis note documents the complete directory structure and configuration files of an OpenFOAM case. Understanding the case setup is critical: the same solver can…
• OpenFOAM Combustion Modeling — Premixed, Non-Premixed, and SprayCombustion regimes are classified by how fuel and oxidiser are mixed before reaction:
• OpenFOAM Compressible Fluid ModuleThe compressible fluid module in OpenFOAM v14 provides solvers for flows where density variations are significant and must be determined from the equation of…
• OpenFOAM Dynamic MeshThe conservation equations are modified to account for mesh motion:
• OpenFOAM Incompressible Fluid Module (v14)This assumption is not merely a convenience; for most industrial applications involving water, oil, or low-speed air (HVAC, automotive external aerodynamics,…
• OpenFOAM Mesh Generation — blockMesh and snappyHexMeshOpenFOAM mesh generation philosophy: blockMesh is for simple geometries where structured meshing is possible and desirable (rectangular domains, ducts,…
• OpenFOAM Multiphase Flows — VOF, Eulerian-Eulerian, and DPMMultiphase flow is inherently complex: each phase has its own velocity field (in Eulerian-Eulerian), own thermodynamics, and possibly its own turbulence model.…
• OpenFOAM Numerical Schemes — fvSchemes Deep DiveFor LES, Crank-Nicolson is standard (2nd-order temporal accuracy minimises energy cascade errors). For transient RANS (e.g., vortex shedding), Euler or…
• OpenFOAM Numerics and DiscretizationEach category contains one or more scheme lines in the format:
• OpenFOAM OverviewPre-processing creates the geometry, mesh, initial conditions, and boundary conditions. Key utilities include:
• OpenFOAM Parallel Computing — Domain Decomposition and ScalingThis note documents OpenFOAM's parallel execution framework: domain decomposition methods, parallel solver execution, communication overhead, and scaling…
• OpenFOAM Post-Processing — Function Objects and Field AnalysisOpenFOAM's post-processing philosophy is "continuous output": rather than writing all field data at every timestep and analysing it later (which produces…
• OpenFOAM Shock-Capturing and Density-Based SolversWhen compressible flows contain discontinuities — shock waves, expansion fans, contact surfaces — pressure-based solvers become inefficient and often unstable.…
• OpenFOAM Solver IndexThe following table identifies which ANSYS Fluent setting corresponds to each OpenFOAM solver. This is useful for engineers migrating between platforms or…
• OpenFOAM Solver Selection GuideEvery OpenFOAM solver implements a specific subset of the Navier–Stokes equations. Choosing the wrong solver — for instance, using an incompressible solver for…
• OpenFOAM Specialized Solvers - Non-Standard and Niche CFD ApplicationsBeyond the mainstream incompressible and compressible solvers, OpenFOAM contains (or has contained) a collection of specialized solvers for niche physical…
• OpenFOAM Two-Phase VOF MethodsThe governing equations are the standard incompressible momentum and continuity equations, with mixture properties computed as weighted averages:
• Solid Mechanics in OpenFOAM - Structural Analysis and Coupled SolversOpenFOAM's solid mechanics capabilities are functional but limited compared to dedicated FEA packages. For PhD-level researchers: treat OpenFOAM solid…

Ansys

• ANSYS Fluent Combustion ModelingANSYS Fluent provides many combustion models. The models cover all combustion regimes. They range from simple finite-rate chemistry to complex detailed…
• ANSYS Fluent Meshing & Post-ProcessingANSYS provides several meshing tools for Fluent. Each targets specific geometry complexity and meshing requirements. OpenFOAM uses external meshing tools…
• ANSYS Fluent Multiphase ModelingANSYS Fluent provides four multiphase modeling approaches. Each targets different physical regimes. The range goes from sharp-interface free-surface flows to…
• ANSYS Fluent OverviewThe pressure-based solver solves the Navier-Stokes equations. It treats pressure (from a pressure-correction equation derived from continuity) as the primary…
• ANSYS Fluent Turbulence ModelingANSYS Fluent provides many turbulence models. They range from RANS (Reynolds-averaged) to DNS (direct numerical simulation). Hybrid RANS/LES (DES, SAS) bridges…
• ANSYS vs OpenFOAM ComparisonThis note compares ANSYS Fluent and OpenFOAM side by side. It covers the dimensions that matter most to practical CFD users: solver capabilities, turbulence…

Chemistry

• Acid-Base ChemistryPure water is not inert. A small fraction of water molecules undergo autoionization:
• Chemical ThermodynamicsFour laws, numbered zero through three — the numbering itself a small lesson in how science orders itself.
• Conical JointsA "24/40" conical joint has 24 mm diameter at the top of the taper. It has 40 mm along the ground-glass surface. The taper angle is standardized. It is 1:10 on…
• CorrosionPourbaix diagrams can predict a metal or alloy's corrosion behavior. They need the chemical composition of the environment. Real-world environments change over…
• Cyclic VoltammetryWhy use a triangular shape instead of a single one-way sweep? A one-way sweep technique does exist. It is called linear sweep voltammetry or LSV. The reverse…
• Drying SolventsElectrochemistry in non-aqueous media (acetonitrile, THF, DME, propylene carbonate) depends on solvent dryness. This page covers lab techniques for removing…
• Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)Warburg impedance models diffusion limitations. A reactant must diffuse to the electrode. For semi-infinite linear diffusion in an unstirred solution:
• Electrochemical ThermodynamicsWe now have all the ingredients. The derivation is short. Every step carries an assumption worth naming.
• ElectrochemistryThe Nernst equation converts a standard potential into the actual potential at given concentrations (activities):
• General Chemistry FoundationsThe field fails when it treats itself as solved. The octet rule, electronegativity, and the mole are heuristics or accounting tricks. They are not laws. They…
• Laminar Flow HoodA Laminar flow hood or cabinet is an enclosed workstation. It creates a contamination free work environment. Filters capture all particles entering the cabinet.
• Linear Polarization ResistanceLinear Polarization Resistance or LPR is a real time electrochemical technique. It directly measures the corrosion rate of a material in a conductive liquid.…
• Material Safety Data SheetsThe 16 section GHS layout appears in both links above. It has more than you need every time. Before mixing a new electrolyte, these are the sections you should…
• Open circuit potentialYou have a metal sample in a beaker of conductive liquid. The liquid can be salt water, acid, or body fluid. Nothing connects to the metal. No potentiostat or…
• PotentiostatTwo electrodes work for a simple first idea. A two electrode setup combines a working electrode and a counter reference electrode. It is how a battery or…
• Reaction KineticsThermodynamics answers whether a reaction can happen. A reaction with a negative Gibbs free energy is spontaneous in the Gibbs sense. That statement describes…
• Reference ElectrodesA reference electrode is the electrochemist fixed point. Every reported value depends on it. E_corr, an OCP trace, and a CV peak position are only as good as…
• Research ContactsAbdul Hai Met him during the Aerospace Expo in 2025, which I visited with Amina.
• Standard Operating ProcedureCovers, in one pass, most of what's written out below: polishing a working electrode, assembling the three-electrode cell, and diagnosing/repairing a reference…

Fabrication

• Additive ManufacturingTPU is a flexible filament that's really nifty, although annoying to work with. If you make it sufficiently thick, it's quite durable while being flexible and…
• Design for PrototypingA design is an iterative process to find a solution to a defined problem falling under certain constraints.
• Hole makingHole-making is a class of machining operations that are specifically used to cut a hole into a workpiece. Machining, a material removal process, creates…
• Laser cuttinghttps://www.
• MillingDetermine the spindle speed (RPM) and feed rate (IPM) for a milling operation, as well as the cut time for a given cut length. Milling operations remove…
• Sheet MetalSheet metal fabrication is the process of forming parts from a metal sheet by punching, cutting, stamping, and/or bending. 3D CAD files are converted into…

Lab Equipment

• Diamond Sawhttps://mightyohm.
• FumehoodFumehood can be made out of wood, but wood can slowly warp over time. Would suggest a steel frame to reinforce and keep everything straight, as well as for…
• Glasswarehttps://www.
• Light Tenthttps://mightyohm.
• Magnetic Stir PlateThe system shall achieve a top plate surface temperature of at least 400°C, with a target maximum of 500°C. The heating system shall have a power rating…

Math

• Algebra
• Analysis
• Differential_equationsThe key to successfully solving many differential equations is correctly classifying the equations, putting them into a standard form and then picking the…
• Weibull DistributionThe Weibull distribution is used in reliability and survival analysis to model the lifetime of an object, the lifetime of a organism, or a service time. The…

STEM Racing

• Stem Racing 2026DEADLINE: <2026-06-08 Mon> :PROPERTIES: :CATEGORY: Yas_in_Schools :END: Complete the registration form: Yas in Schools National Finals Judges…
• STEM Racing: DesigningZebra stripes reveal curvature singularities, especially where multiple surfaces converge. Ensure surfaces are tangent and aligned.
• STEM Racing: ManufacturingWe developed a special mounting device for precise assembly. It ensures the ball bearings run smoothly.
• STEM Racing: Pit StopI want a fully cardboard design that stands out. Sustainable materials should never look like a compromise.
• STEM Racing: Scrutineering PointsThis is the industry's move away from 2D drawings. All Product and Manufacturing Information (PMI)—every dimension, tolerance (GD&T), surface finish, and…